Augustus
The true son of the First GodFather, Son of God, a God. Both defined as Gods by the Holy Roman Empire. Why?
The result, unforeseen by the assassins of Julius Caesar was his death precipitated the fall of the Roman Republic. At least as seen in the biases of most accounts.
The Roman middle and lower classes, with whom Caesar was immensely popular and had been since before Gaul, became enraged that a small group of aristocrats had killed their champion.
Antony, who had been drifting apart from Caesar, capitalized on the grief of the Roman mob and threatened to unleash them on the Optimates, perhaps with the intent of taking control of Rome himself. To his surprise and chagrin, Caesar had named his grandnephew Gaius Octavius his sole heir, bequeathing him the immensely potent Caesar name and making him one of the wealthiest citizens in the Republic.
In Rome and the following year his adopted son, Octavian (later known as Augustus) formed the Second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.
Caesar Agustus aka Octavian was officially the first Roman emperor who reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. Known for being the founder of the Roman Principate, which is the first phase of the Roman Empire, Augustus is considered one of the greatest leaders in human history. The reign of Augustus initiated an imperial cult as well as an era associated with imperial peace.
Gaius Octavius was of a prosperous family that had long been settled at Velitrae (Velletri), southeast of Rome. Inductive logic leaves to question if the family settlement where Boii Celtics which correlates with their fair skin, blue-eyed Nordic genes. Octavius’ father had been the first of the family to become a Roman senator and was elected to the high annual office of the praetorship, which ranked second in the political hierarchy to the consulship. Religious doctrine ranked high in the Roman republics hierarchy.
Julius Caesar, sister Julia's daughter Atia was Octavius’s mother and it was Caesar who launched the young Octavius into Roman public life. At age 12 he made his debut by delivering the funeral speech for his grandmother Julia. Three or four years later he received the coveted membership of the board of priests (pontifices).
The Gallic Wars were waged between 58 BC and 50 BC by the Roman general Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul where Germanic and British tribes fought to defend their homelands against an aggressive Roman campaign.
Orange (Arausio), the capital of the Cavari, was in 105 B.C. the scene of the defeat of a Roman army by the Cimbri and Teutones. Julius Caesar made Orange an important Roman colony. Its ramparts and fine buildings were partly destroyed by the Alamanni and Visigoths.
Orange is a town in south-eastern France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Vaucluse, 18 m. N. of Avignon on the railway from Lyons to Marseilles. Orange is situated some distance from the left bank of the Rhone, in the midst of meadows, orchards, and mulberry plantations, watered by a stream called the Meyne and overlooked by the majestic summit of Mount Ventoux, which lies 22 m. to the east. The district is highly fertile, and the town deals largely in fruit, and millet stalks for brooms, as well as in wool, silk, honey, and truffles.
The Wars culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul.
The triumphal arch of the Roman Republic remains and is not only far finer than any other in France, but ranks third in size and importance among those still extant in Europe. Measuring 72 ft. in height, 69 ft. in width, and 26 ft. in depth, it is composed of three arches supported by Corinthian columns. On three sides it is well preserved and displays remarkable variety and elegance in its sculptured decorations.
Originally built on what was via Agrippa, it is thought that the Triumphal Arch of Orange was built in honor of those who fought in the Gallic Wars, particularly the Second Legion.
Augustus in 46 BCE accompanied Julius Caesar, now dictator, in his triumphal procession after his victory in Africa over his opponents in the Civil War; and in the following year, in spite of ill health, he joined the dictator in Spain. He was at Apollonia (now in Albania) completing his academic and military studies when, in 44 BCE, he learned that Julius Caesar had been murdered.
Returning to Italy, he was told that Caesar in his will had adopted him as his son and had made him his chief personal heir. He was only 18 when he proceeded to Rome. Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius), Caesar’s chief lieutenant, who had taken possession of his papers and assets and had expected that he himself would be the principal heir, refused to hand over any of Caesar’s funds, forcing Octavius to pay the late dictator’s bequests to the Roman populace from such resources as he could raise.
Caesar’s assassins, Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus ignored him and withdrew to the east. Cicero, the famous orator who was one of Rome’s principal elder statesmen, hoped to make use of him but underestimated his abilities.
Octavius succeeded in winning considerable numbers of the dictator’s troops to his own allegiance. The Senate, encouraged by Cicero, broke with Antony and called upon Octavius for aid (granting him the rank of senator in spite of his youth), He then joined the campaign of Mutina (Modena) Boii Celtics against Antony, who was compelled to withdraw to Gaul. When the consuls who commanded the Senate’s forces lost their lives, Octavius’s soldiers compelled the Senate to confer a vacant consulship on him. Under the name of Gaius Julius Caesar, he next secured official recognition as Caesar’s adoptive son.
Octavian soon reached an agreement with Antony and with another of Caesar’s principal supporters, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, who had succeeded him as chief priest. On November 27, 43 BCE, the three men were formally given a five-year dictatorial appointment as triumvirs for the reconstitution of the state (the Second Triumvirate—the first having been the informal compact between Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar). The east was occupied by Brutus and Cassius, but the triumvirs divided the west among themselves. They drew up a list of “proscribed” political enemies, and the consequent executions included 300 senators (one of whom was Antony’s enemy Cicero) and 2,000 members of the class below the senators, the equities or knights. Julius Caesar’s recognition as a god of the Roman state in January 42 BCE enhanced Octavian’s prestige as the son of a god. Well, Jesus Christ?
He and Antony crossed the Adriatic and, under Antony’s leadership (Octavian being ill), won the two battles of Philippi against Brutus and Cassius, both of whom committed suicide. Antony, the senior partner, was allotted the east (and Gaul); and Octavian returned to Italy, where difficulties caused by the settlement of his veterans involved him in the Perusine War.
In 38 BCE Octavian formed a significant new link with the aristocracy through his marriage to Livia Drusilla. But reconciliation with Sextus Pompeius proved abortive, and Octavian was soon plunged into serious warfare against him. When his first operations against Sextus’s Sicilian bases proved disastrous, he felt obliged to make a new compact with Antony at Tarentum (Taranto) in 37 BCE. Antony was to provide Octavian with ships, in return for troops Antony needed for his forthcoming war against the empire’s eastern neighbor Parthia and its Median allies. Antony handed over the ships, but Octavian never sent the troops. The treaty also provided for the renewal of the Second Triumvirate for five years, until the end of 33 BCE.
Full power as Agustus Octavian now assumed carried with it practical advantages, notably the right to convene the Senate. But, more particularly, the office of a tribune surrounded him with a “democratic” aura because of the ancient character of the annually elected tribunes of the people as defenders of the plebs. This was, perhaps, needed all the more because Augustus himself—while admittedly supporting the interests of poorer people by a great extension of the right of judicial appeal—tended to back the established classes as the keystone of his system.
The death in 12 BCE of Lepidus enabled Augustus finally to succeed him as the official head of the Roman religion, the chief priest (pontifex Maximus). Son of God becomes chief priest Maximus.
Tiberius, who replaced Drusus in Germany, was elevated in 6 BCE to a share in his stepfather’s tribunician power. But shortly afterward he went into retirement on the island of Rhodes. This was attributed to jealousy of his step-nephew Gaius Caesar, who was introduced to public life with great fanfare in the following year; and the same compliments were paid to his brother Lucius in 2 BCE, the year in which Augustus received his climactic title, “father of the country” (pater patriae). Chief Priest Maximus the son of god becomes the father of the Country. GodFather Patriarch?
Gaius was sent to the east and Lucius to the west. Both, however, soon died. Tiberius returned home in 2, and in 4 Augustus adopted him as his son, who in turn was required to adopt Germanicus, the son of his brother Drusus. The powers conferred upon Tiberius made him almost Augustus’s own equal in everything except prestige.
Tiberius’s next task was to consolidate the invasion and provincial organization of Germany (4–5 CE). An invasion of Bohemia was planned and had already been launched from two directions when news came in 6 that Pannonia and Illyricum had revolted. It took three years for the rebellion to be put down, and this had only just been completed when Arminius raised the Germans against their Roman governor Varus and destroyed him and his three legions. As Augustus could not readily replace the troops, the annexation of western Germany and Bohemia was postponed indefinitely;
Bohemia was home to another faction of the Cavari Celtic tribes the Boii, Bohemia, was a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire and subsequently a province in the Habsburgs’ Austrian Empire. Bohemia was bounded on the south by Austria, on the west by Bavaria, on the north by Saxony and Lusatia, on the northeast by Silesia, and on the east by Moravia.
The Boii a Celtic tribe, one section of which settled in Cisalpine Gaul around Bononia (Bologna, Italy) and another in what was later Bohemia, to which it gave its name. It was an extension of the Boii tribe Octavian joined in the campaign of Mutina (Modena) against Antony.
The Bohemia group joined another Celtic tribe, the Helvetii, to invade Gaul with Julius Caesar. He allowed the survivors to settle in Gaul between the Liger (Loire) and Elaver (Allier) rivers.
Tiberius and Germanicus were sent to consolidate the Rhine frontier.
Julius Caesar the first Roman Emperor was immensely popular with the Roman middle and lower classes where he was loved by the proletarian classes and pushed on their behalf for social, legislative, and senatorial reforms. Caesar was their Pontifex Maximus the prefect of the Morals the religious and supreme leader of the Roman Empire. A man of virtue and unwavering moral character. Caesar was perceived so virtuous he would be given the title Patriae and appointed dictator in perpetuity. Subsequent to his death he would be declared a God for his virtues.
His appointed successor Augustus would take to preaching the gospel in honor of Julius Caesar at the age of 12. From a boy, priest, to board of priests, to Senator, Head of Tribune representing the Plebsmember of the general citizenry, to Caesar, to Chief Priest, To be pronounced the son of god and Pontifex Maximus Patriarch of the Roman Empire and the model for Greco-Roman philosophy of culture, religion, and morality. Augustus also styled himself as Imperator Caesar divi filius, "Commander Caesar son of the deified one". With this title, he boasted his familial link to deified Julius Caesar, and the use of Imperator signified a permanent link to the Roman tradition of victory.[h] He transformed Caesar, a cognomen for one branch of the Julian family, into a new family line that began with him.
Augustus ruled the Roman empire as one of the greatest leaders in human history he initiated an imperial cult as well as an era associated with imperial peace and harmony. He founded the first Roman Principate. He formed the beginnings of a civil service, which had never existed before but was destined to become an essential feature of the imperial system. He implemented a financial system that made his success possible that was evidently far more effective than anything the empire had ever seen until then. The system was based on the central treasury (aerarium), and relationships with the treasuries of the provinces, particularly the Provincia of Augustus.
Augustus greatly stimulated commerce with sweeping reform and expansion of the Roman coinage. Gold and silver pieces, their designs reflecting many facets of imperial publicity, were issued in great quantities at a number of widely distributed mints. The Rome mint was reopened for this purpose in about 20 BCE. The absence of bronze token coinage, which had been sparse for many decades, was remedied by the creation of abundant mintages in yellow orichalcum and red copper. In the west the principal mint for these pieces, besides Rome, was Lugdunum (Lyon), whose coins displayed a view of the Altar of Rome and Augustus that formed a model for other provincial capitals. The Roman citizen colonies of the west, many of them, like Orange, Avignon the Papal Mint, established by Augustus to settle his veterans, supplemented this output with their own local coinages, and in the east, particularly in Asia Minor and Syria, numerous Greek cities were also allowed to issue small change.
Both Julius Caesar and Augustus had strong ties with the Principality of Orange, its Celtic tribes, and the Boii Celtic tribes of Bohemia, Cisalpine, Modena, and Helvetii. During the tenure of both Emperors, the Papal Palace of the Greco-Roman Empire was in the Comtat Venaissin Avignon France in the Roman Diocesis of Viennensis. Where even today The Saint Pierre Basilica of Avignon still stands.
Together Caesar and Augustus worked to transform Italy into a Roman republic province and tighten other republic provinces into a single cohesive Republic of One. A process of fusing the entire Roman Republic into a unity of equality rather than maintaining it as a network of unequal principalities. They waged war and worked tirelessly for life, liberty, freedom, and equality among the common man. The fall of the Roman Empire was the death knell in the Greco-Roman Republic's philosophical history spanning a 500-year period of success in human history culminating in a cultural era associated with imperial peace.
Led by a Greco-Roman philosophy founded on truth and objective facts unbiased by mythology. An Empire led by the virtuous rational analysis of true facts fundamental to the logic of right reason in philosophy and to the rule of law is a fundamental requirement for a free Government to survive based on the supremacy of the law.
Together Julius and Augustus Caesar were the world’s supreme revolutionary leaders supremely human beings of divinity consisting of the fullness and perfection of themselves as intellectual, moral, and spiritual beings. The literal divinity of their own truth and defenders of freedom, liberty, rights, the rule of law, and the general citizenry. Caesar stated, “I was born free as Caesar”. Augustus said, “I raised an army by means of which I restored liberty to the republic, which had been oppressed by the tyranny of a faction.” We know that faction as a small group of aristocrats who had killed their champion, their god Julius Caesar and warred against Augustus Caesar, Peter St Julian, and Jesus Christ.